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Pakar Ekonomi : Malaysia akan mengalami kemerosotan ekonomi yg teruk selama 4 ta
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Dan, jangan ingat sabsidi tu minyak ajer yop. Ada 1001 satu jenis sabsidi yg kebanyakannya dirembat oleh golongan kaya. Hidup Pak Lah! kekekekee....walaupun pak lah tak sempat nak buat. |
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Buleh ajer hapuskan semua sabsidi, tapi kena increase basic social safety net dulu. Itu baitulmal pu ...
apam Post at 4-6-2012 14:34 
Anwar yg pum pang kebajikan sana kebajikan sini, beri biasiswa pree kehuku beri biasiswa kehilir,hari ni perintah, besok turun harga minyak tu tak seberani pak lah tarik subisdi..krn apa?..krn nak popular dan takut hilang undi. |
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apam: the methodolody is as per described in the following article
baghal: capital flight only refers to money illegally taken out of the country, tariffs/subsidies/gomen meniaga/lantik politaik pencen dlm glc etc are not part of this statistics....government's intervention which leads to inefficiencies in managing resources, yes, capital flight, no.
(note: this is an extremely long article. absolutely not for the faint-hearted)
Illicit financial flows: MNCs the culprit?
On Dec 15, 2011, Global Financial Integrity, a US-based watchdog released the “Illicit Financial Flows from Developing Countries over the Decade Ending 2009” study where it estimates that over the decade ending 2009, developing countries around the world lost a massive US$8.44 trillion.
In a local context, Malaysia was placed fifth in the world on cumulative total illicit financial flows (‘IFF’) since 2000. For 2009 alone, IFF (non-normalised) amounted to approximately U$46.86 billion (approximately RM145billion @ exchange rate of RM3.1 = US$1) and over the cumulative nine years, total IFF amounted to a massive US$350.47 (approximately RM1,086.46billion). Even on a more conservative estimation of the study, Malaysia has lost US$337.87billion over the same period, which is approximately RM1,047.4 billion.
Two methods of estimation were used in the study, one being the World Bank Residual model (using the change in external debt or CED), and secondly, trade mispricing (using the Gross Excluding Reversals method or GER).
Through the balance of payments (a component of CED), it captures unrecorded capital leakages i.e. illicit transfers of the proceeds of bribery, theft, kickbacks, and tax evasion. Meanwhile, outflow of unrecorded transfers due to trade mispricing was captured under the GER method.
Based on the study, Malaysia’s nine-year average normalised i.e. conservative IFF amounted to US$14.17billion (42%; RM43.9 billion) due to CED while GER accounted for $19.62 billion (58%; RM60.8 billion). Meanwhile, average non-normalised IFF was US$15.43 billion (44%; RM47.5 billion) due to CED and US$19.62 billion (56%; RM60.8 billion) due to GER.
Malaysia is the only country where both channels of IFF, CED and GER, are roughly in comparable portions.
Definition of IFF
Under the notes on methodology of the IFF, it detailed out the following: “Illicit flows involve capital that is illegally earned, transferred, or utilised and covers all unrecorded private financial outflows that drive the accumulation of foreign assets by residents in contravention of applicable capital controls and regulatory frameworks.
“Hence, illicit flows may involve capital earned through legitimate means such as the profits of a legitimate business. It is the transfer abroad of that profit in violation of applicable laws (such as non-payment of applicable corporate taxes or breaking of exchange control regulations) that makes the outflows illicit.”
A layman’s interpretation is IFF involves cross-border movement of money that is illegally earned, transferred, or utilised. IFF generally involve the transfer of money earned through illegal activities such as corruption, transactions involving contraband goods, criminal activities, and efforts to shelter wealth from a country’s tax authorities.
What is in our Malaysian Law?
The Malaysian Transfer Pricing Guidelines (‘TP Guidelines’) was introduced in July 2003 by the Malaysian Inland Revenue Board (‘MIRB’). The TP Guidelines provides guidance through the anti-avoidance provisions of the Malaysian Income Tax Act 1967 (‘MITA’).
With the introduction of the TP Guidelines, specialist group was set up within MIRB to deal with transfer pricing issues. Desk audit and field audits were rigorously carried out since its set up.
The statutory law that governs transfer pricing is provided under the anti-avoidance provision in Section 140 of the MITA; where it provides the power to the Director General of Inland Revenue (DGIR) to disregard transactions that are deemed not arm’s length and make necessary adjustments to revise or impose additional tax liabilities.
Section 140 has been used widely by the MIRB for local and cross border transactions, adjusting any transfer pricing abuses. The arm’s length definition was not defined in the MITA; however, the concept and its application were provided under the TP Guidelines.
Under self assessment system, the burden of proof lies with taxpayers to justify such transactions. The MIRB further introduced a new section, Section 140A, which came into effect on Jan 1, 2009 that empowers the DGIR to make adjustments on transactions of goods, services or financial assistance between related companies based on the arm’s length principle.
Additionally, all related parties transactions are required to be submitted, under Section N of the Form C, where the categories of related party transactions consists of:
- Total sales to related companies in / outside Malaysia
- Total purchases from related companies in / outside Malaysia
- Other payments to related companies in / outside Malaysia
- Other payments to related companies outside Malaysia
- Loans to related companies in / outside Malaysia
- Borrowings from related companies in / outside Malaysia
- Receipt from related companies in / outside Malaysia
There is no specific provision for non-compliance or not having transfer pricing documentation in place under the TP Guidelines. However, where transfer pricing adjustments are made, any additional taxes resulting from such adjustments will be subjected to additional penalties of as high as 45%.
Multinational companies’ (MNC) transfer pricing the main cause?
As detailed above, Malaysia has in effect the necessary laws and guidelines in place to deal with transfer pricing and money laundering activities. So it was rather surprising when our learned Kota Belud Member of Parliament (MP) suggested that MNCs is
largely the cause of such massive amount of IFF, basing on GFI Director Raymond Baker’s speech and certain part of the study.
Perhaps the question to ask is why despite having such laws in place; there is still a massive amount of IFF out of the country.
Instead, our learned MP has suggested that MNCs’ under/over transfer pricing under western global financial system is to be blamed and chose to downplay the effect of corruption.
So what is our learned MP trying to imply? Is our learned MP suggesting that the likes of Intel, Agilent, Western Digital, and a whole host of Japanese and other MNCs are involve in transferring IFF? Let’s just not be too quick to point fingers.
Having been in the transfer pricing environment for close to a decade, I must say that transfer pricing has been the one of the most scrutinised subject by the MIRB since the TP Guidelines was introduced, where transfer pricing desk audits and field audits were conducted. Even during routine tax audits, transfer pricing has been one of the hot subjects.
Transfer pricing is not cast in stones. A lot factors are considered to arrive at certain pricing, where different pricing strategies are adopted taking into account both quantitative and qualitative considerations i.e. business strategies, characteristics of services, functions performed, economic conditions.
For example, companies may go on a low pricing strategy of certain products, as it is able to recover profitability based on volume (economies of scale). Or it could also be the need to maintain low margin products where profitability can be recovered through high margin products. The numbers do tell a story.
TBC |
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Con't
However, having said that, not all are fairy tales. There is no denying that MNCs do get their transfer pricing wrong at times, and from my years of experience, it is rather that companies have got their projections wrong or made a bad business decisions. And in some cases, as a consequence, transfer pricing adjustments running into hundreds of millions in additional taxes were paid. Not to mention, penalties as well.
More likely than not, where there are cases of transfer mispricing, MNCs would always step forward and rectify the situation. This is so because being in the corporate and business environment, getting caught by authorities in doing illegal activities will most likely cause serious damage to business integrity and reputation. Compliance is one of the most stringent as far as I understand from a corporate culture perspective, or at least for cases I have seen.
The learned MP also suggested that there were not enough information disclosed by MNCs, hence it is hard to trace IFF due to transfer mispricing. I beg to differ.
There are actually considerable amounts of information disclosed in the Form C for monitoring and triggering transfer pricing or tax audits. In addition to related companies transactions that need to disclosed as explained earlier, companies will also need to disclose details of main shareholders in Part P of the Form C if it is a controlled company. Similarly, the related party transactions and details are disclosed in the notes to Profit and Loss accounts; and disclosure requirements are even more stringent if it is a public listed company.
The learned MP has brought out the point where MNCs were using tax havens as a conduit for the IFF. I do not deny this happening, but based on experience, a lot of MNCs has a strong requirement in terms of substance over form and more often than not, MIRB is able to pick up these structures in the first instance. Let us not forget that our very own Labuan, an international financial centre, is deemed a tax haven by other foreign jurisdictions. It would be interesting to know how much financial transactions flow through Labuan.
Perhaps the question to ask is what is wrong with our current monitoring, enforcement and implementation system that despite having the necessary laws and conducting rigorous audits, there are still such leakages. This is something that our learned MP should look into.
How about local conglomerates and GLCs?
While I have mentioned that MNCs are subjected to more scrutiny on its cross border transactions, the same cannot be said for local conglomerates and government-linked companies (GLCs). Based on past experience, local conglomerates and GLCs have not been the main focus of MIRB and I have not seen as much transfer pricing audit being carried out (perhaps this has changed). Mind you local conglomerates and GLCs have a lot of cross border dealings and transactions as well.
Only a few days ago, our Prime Minister announced that an additional RM22billion (US$7billion) of tax is collected for 2011 to plug leakages. Let’s us then theoretically apply the same collection amount to the 2009 figure, taking into account half i.e. 50% is caused by the GER; and it still leaves US$16.43 billion (RM50.9 billion) unaccounted for.
Could all this amount due to transfer mispricing caused by MNCs? How much of this unaccounted amount can be apportioned to local conglomerates and GLCs? Do they also have some form of tax haven structures in place as well? And I have not yet mentioned dealings of the rich and powerful individuals.
This is something I would love to find out and I do agree with the learned MP on this with regards to a more detailed analysis on Malaysia.
So what about CED?
Interestingly, what has not been pointed out by the learned MP is that Malaysia’s IFF was also caused by CED, which relates to illicit transfers of the proceeds of bribery, theft, kickbacks, and tax evasion. It is pointed out in the study that Malaysia is the only country where IFF is caused by a comparable portion of CED and GER.
So what does this mean? It is effectively saying that an IFF totaling US$21.47 billion (RM66.6 billion) in 2009 alone was due to the activities of involving briberies, theft, kickbacks and tax evasions. The comparable size of 50% to transfer mispricing is definitely an alarming cause of concern itself would it not?
It is not known what proportion relates to bribery, theft, kickbacks and tax evasion. So far for tax evasion is concerned, there has not been any reported case where large MNCs were caught in such act, which carries a fine and/or imprisonment with additionally penalty of 300% on amount undercharged.
Hence, And our Inspector General of Police has openly acknowledged that such IFF is not something new and is aware of such leakages. So my question would be what has been done to address this?
This is extremely worrying as there are no accounts or method to track such IFF, as these outflows are not available to public eyes. Instead of trying to just point fingers to the MNCs, I believe efforts should be channeled by the Government to work on addressing these issues.
I rest my case.
The writer is a Transfer Pricing Specialist and has worked with multinational companies across various industries ranging from manufacturing, trading, electronics, automotive, property development, construction, power, oil and gas amongst others. |
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Dan, jangan ingat sabsidi tu minyak ajer yop. Ada 1001 satu jenis sabsidi yg kebanyakannya dirembat ...
apam Post at 4-6-2012 14:37
Tau tak pa..sebab tu saya lebih suka harga minyak tidak disubsidikan..biar ikut harga semasa..yg kaya, yg mampu..pakai lah kenderaan..beli lah banyak mana minyak pun..tapi penjimatan dari subsidi minyak itu mesti dibelanjakan utk pengangkutan awam dan subsidi makanan..sebab semua umat nak kena makan...dan tak semua umat mesti beli minyak petrol. |
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kalau teruk sangat jangan lah buat bisnes ala kaum nabi luth tu .
Silap2 dapat bala
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Hutang domestik, tak semestinya 100% domestik. Pasti ada yg berhutang dalam negara tu juga ...
Muntz Post at 4-6-2012 10:03
betul banget, ramai orang tak sedor nih.... |
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Apa saja lah dari tadi pencacai celop wheelbarrow dok off topic dgn lesbian.
Nak berhalusinasi lesbian sesambil diwheelbarrowkan bini pertama pon keep oit to yourself lah. Vangangs. |
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Pakar Ekonomi : Malaysia akan mengalami kemerosotan ekonomi yg teruk selama 4 ta
aku harap greece keluar dari euro..
(posted by mobile) |
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Con't
However, having said that, not all are fairy tales. There is no denying that MNCs do get th ...
hzln Post at 4-6-2012 14:50
still just estimation. Berdasarkan apa yg aku tengok, ada 1001 cara org transfer duit keluar masuk yg kengkadang, tak boleh nak ekspek dan amount bukan kecik, main jote sekali transfer. Dan aku saspek, kat malaysia ni, banyak duit "haram" yg berputar. Tu pasal retail sector strong. Dan govt purposely tutup sebelah mata supaya ada cash berputar dalam ekonomi domestik. |
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betul banget, ramai orang tak sedor nih....
pyropura Post at 4-6-2012 14:56
aku cuma follow ratiban RASMI gomen saja....."hutang kita sebahagian besarnya adalah hutang domestik jadi kita tidak akan terdedah dgn turun naik kadar faedah antarabangsa, nilai tukaran asing dan segala jadah"....yg tak rasmi itu...mana datang duit domestic lenders itu hanya allah dan nazir serta suku-sakatnya saja yg tahu...petik dari pokok belakang rumah barangkali |
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tak abis2 merata2 thread menunjukkan BODO yg melantun2  |
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As a whole Europe, yes it will affect Malaysia and other Asian countries.
but do the economic giant like Germany, France wanted this to be happened easily?
by the way I optimist one day all countries will be equal and based on competitive in global market..
Later on the european wouldnt live comfortly like what they used to be
mr_oscar Post at 4-6-2012 12:16 |
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Greece dah keluar dari euro belum?...ke nak gempak je. |
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Reply 120# apam
setuju jugak....
sbb negara yang kurang subsidy income level derang tinggi.....
so tak la mendhaifkan orang yang sedia dhaif....
yg unemployment pon bagi benefits..so kalo subsidy tarik pon bole hidup lagik....
nih dah la tkdok koje, ada koje pon gaji ciput, subsidy takdok...ibarat merempat di negeri sendiri..... |
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Gomen intervention via sabsidi/tariff INCENtiVISES capital flight. |
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Saya telah beberapa kali mengalami kemorosotan ekomomi, pernah bawa nasik goreng ke pejabat...hidup gak saya sampai kini...malah bertambah teguh krn ada sifat menyimpan dan beli bila perlu dan tidak boros. |
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Reply apam
setuju jugak....
sbb negara yang kurang subsidy income level derang tinggi.....
so ...
akubest Post at 4-6-2012 15:22
mana datang dulu? rakyat mampu idup tanpa subsidi sebab income depa tinggi, atau sebab takdak subsidi maka income rakyat jadi tinggi?
harap tak pecah kepala mau jawab  |
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Post time 4-6-2012 02:37 PM
